skip to content
Low Energy Hot Flashes Inflammation Cognition TRT Brain Fog

15 Glutathione Benefits for a Better Body & Mind

This powerful antioxidant is like a Swiss Army knife for your health and healthspan.

The word antioxidant often brings to mind vitamins C or E, but actually, glutathione (GSH) is the most powerful and abundant antioxidant in the human body. Glutathione is present in every cell, which is why more health experts are shining a light on the importance of this compound for health and healthspan. 

Researchers are already exploring the role of glutathione in conditions such as Parkinson’s and heart disease, and emerging findings highlight additional benefits such as supporting immunity, enhancing performance, and protecting against age-related decline.

Here are the biggest glutathione benefits—and how to make sure you’re getting enough.


About the Experts

Vishwanath Venketaraman, Ph.D., is a professor of microbiology and immunology at the Western University of Health Sciences who has been researching glutathione for more than 20 years.

Bethany Tennant, N.D., C.N.S., is a licensed naturopathic physician and certified nutrition specialist.


What Is Glutathione?

Produced in the liver and by nerve cells in the central nervous system, glutathione’s main functions are:

  • Building and repairing tissues1
  • Supporting your immune system2
  • Recycling other antioxidants, including vitamin C and E3
  • Supporting nervous system health4
  • Maintaining DNA integrity5
  • Supporting mitochondrial energy production6
  • Regulating apoptosis (cellular death)7
  • Helping aid with nutrient metabolism8
  • Protecting against heavy metals and toxins9

Glutathione is a molecule naturally produced in the body, but it can be supplemented with an oral medication or injection that mimics this molecule.

Every day, our bodies are exposed to free radicals from pollution, UV radiation, household chemicals, and processed foods. Glutathione serves as a first line of defense by preventing free radicals from forming and neutralizing those that do before they can damage healthy cells. In this way, glutathione not only protects against oxidative stress but also supports detoxification while strengthening immune defenses.

What Are the Top Glutathione Benefits?

As the “master antioxidant,” glutathione offers a wide range of health benefits: 

1. Reduces oxidative stress

Glutathione reduces oxidative stress by neutralizing free radicals and can recycle itself back into its active form, allowing for continuous protection of DNA and mitochondria. One study found that glutathione supplementation helped protect against oxidative stress–induced cell death by supporting mitochondrial function and activating the body’s own defense system, which boosts antioxidant activity.10

glutathione benefits

2. Boost immunity

Glutathione may boost immune function by supporting white blood cell activity. In one small clinical trial, participants who took glutathione supplements showed higher levels of natural killer (NK) cells and lymphocytes—the body’s front-line defenders against infection.11 Lower glutathione levels have also been linked to worse outcomes in infections, including HIV and influenza, likely due to impaired immune cell activity and heightened oxidative stress.12 13

“Glutathione may keep your immune system strong so it can better fight off infection,” says Vishwanath Venketaraman, Ph.D., a professor of microbiology and immunology at the Western University of Health Sciences. “One way it does that is by supporting T cells and natural killer cells, white blood cell types that help phagocytic cells like macrophages to attack foreign invaders and protect you from infection.”

3. Supports detoxification

Glutathione binds and neutralizes toxins in the liver, the body’s primary detoxifier. One older study found that high-dose intravenous glutathione was the most effective delivery method for people with fatty liver disease, and it significantly improved liver function tests several months after treatment.14 Another study showed that four months of daily oral glutathione supplementation, combined with lifestyle improvements, produced positive effects on liver health in some individuals with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD).15

In women, taking glutathione may offer some support by dialing down oxidative stress and giving your liver a little extra help. That matters because both estrogen deficiency and polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) can make it easier to store fat in the liver. Just keep expectations realistic: the research so far comes from small NAFLD studies—not specific to PCOS or menopausal women—so we still need larger trials before calling it a proven fix.16

4. Improves brain health

Glutathione offers numerous benefits for brain health, including:

Research shows people with depression often have lower glutathione levels in the brain.17 A meta-analysis also found reduced glutathione, specifically in the occipital cortex of the brain, in major depression.18 Glutathione also dials immune responses up or down as needed to fight infections in the brain.

Beyond mental health, higher glutathione levels have been linked to better visuospatial memory, and brain regions with higher concentrations appear more resilient to the effects of aging.19

Glutathione also plays a role in neurodegenerative disease:

  • Alzheimer’s disease: Glutathione depletion in the brain is commonly found in those who’ve been diagnosed with neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer’s disease.20
  • Parkinson’s disease: A small study of patients with early, untreated Parkinson’s disease given high-dose intravenous glutathione twice a day for 30 days showed symptom improvement that lasted for 2–4 months after treatment ended.21

5. Improves insulin sensitivity

Higher levels of glutathione may help lower the risk of diabetes. Beyond its role in reducing oxidative stress, glutathione (GSH) supplementation has been linked to improved insulin sensitivity (how effectively the body responds to insulin), which is associated with a reduced risk of diabetes.22 In one study, glycine supplementation decreased insulin resistance in rats by boosting glutathione production, providing the liver with a protective metabolic benefit.23

6. Maintains energy

Glutathione supports steady energy by shielding mitochondria from oxidative damage, helping maintain ATP, the body’s main currency for fuel.24 25 Research has linked glutathione to better metabolic health: Improving insulin resistance can help muscles use glucose more efficiently, which may reduce fatigue.26

7. Supports longevity

Glutathione may enhance longevity by helping prevent serious conditions such as cancer and metabolic syndrome.27 Among older adults, higher glutathione levels have been linked to better overall health, fewer illnesses, and improved self-rated health.28

Additionally, a 16-week trial of supplementation with GlyNAC (which boosts glutathione levels) in older adults improved—and in some cases reversed—multiple hallmarks of aging, including inflammation, mitochondrial dysfunction, and oxidative stress.29

8. Fights autoimmune disease

Glutathione can reduce inflammation caused by autoimmune disorders, which occur when the immune system mistakenly attacks the body’s own healthy tissues, leading to chronic inflammation and damage

Studies show that raising glutathione levels may help regulate immune function, reduce inflammation, and ease disease severity in conditions like lupus and rheumatoid arthritis.30 31 32

9. Improves skin

Glutathione’s antioxidant qualities can reduce the appearance of wrinkles and support brighter skin. In a 2017 study, glutathione significantly improved the appearance of wrinkles and increased skin elasticity compared to placebo.33 One small study suggests that glutathione supplementation, along with conventional treatments, may help aid in treating eczema by reducing oxidative stress; however, larger studies are still needed to confirm these effects.34

10. Eases inflammatory bowel disease

Glutathione can help reduce gut inflammation associated with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). People with IBD often show reduced activity of the enzymes that drive glutathione production, along with lower levels of cysteine—the amino acid needed to produce this tripeptide.35 

“In IBD, you could have ongoing inflammation, and glutathione can help reduce that inflammation. It may also restore cytokine balance to diminish the extent of the disease,” says Venketaraman. Cytokines are small proteins that are crucial in controlling the growth and activity of other immune system cells.

11. Improves athletic performance

Glutathione may enhance performance in athletes and active individuals. A study in healthy older adults showed that supplementing with GlyNAC led to improvements in strength, gait speed, and body composition.36 In one small study, men who received glutathione before a workout performed better and felt less fatigued after their exercise session.37 Because intense exercise can temporarily deplete glutathione, maintaining higher levels may support recovery and help counter oxidative stress.

12. Reduces belly fat

Early research suggests glutathione may play a role in how the body stores and burns fat. One clinical study found that adults with metabolic syndrome who started out with higher glutathione levels lost more weight and had greater reductions in belly fat over six months of healthy eating.38 

A randomized trial of older adults found that a 16-week course of GlyNAC reduced waist circumference and improved several metabolic markers.39 Because belly fat is closely tied to insulin resistance, inflammation, and heart disease risk (the hallmarks of metabolic syndrome), smaller waist circumference suggests that glutathione may help improve not just body composition, but also overall metabolic health.

13. Decreases heart disease

Glutathione can improve symptoms of atherosclerosis, the buildup of plaque in the arteries that drives heart disease and stroke. In one study, patients with atherosclerosis who received glutathione showed improved blood filtration (when red blood cells can pass through small vessels more easily) along with a measurable reduction in blood thickness.40

In patients with peripheral artery disease, glutathione supplementation increased pain-free walking distance and improved blood flow after exercise.41 Other research links low glutathione levels to poorer heart function and structural abnormalities, suggesting that a simple blood test for glutathione may one day help identify at-risk patients before symptoms develop.42

14.  Boosts fertility

Glutathione plays an important role in fertility by reducing oxidative stress in the reproductive system. In a study of infertile men, glutathione supplementation significantly improved sperm motility after two months of treatment.43 Other studies in women link glutathione deficiency to premature ovarian aging and even ovarian cancer, while higher follicular glutathione levels have been tied to increased IVF fertilization rates.44

15. Promotes restful sleep

Research suggests a bidirectional relationship between glutathione levels and sleep: insufficient sleep depletes glutathione, and low glutathione may worsen sleep quality. People with primary insomnia show lower activity of a key antioxidant enzyme and higher signs of oxidative stress compared to healthy sleepers.45 Likewise, sleep deprivation in both humans and animals lowers total glutathione and impairs antioxidant defenses in various tissues.46

Because glutathione is central to managing oxidative stress, maintaining healthy glutathione levels may indirectly support better sleep.

Glutathione Benefits for Women vs. Men

Studies suggest that glutathione behaves differently based on hormones like estrogen, which has antioxidant properties that support naturally higher glutathione levels. Here’s how the evidence plays out across women and men:

In women

Glutathione’s role as a master antioxidant may be especially important after menopause. After menopause, women tend to have lower activity of enzymes involved in glutathione production compared to before menopause.47 In one small study of women who had undergone surgical menopause, just 30 days of estrogen therapy boosted their glutathione levels—suggesting that estrogen helps support the body’s antioxidant defenses.48

However, not all research on the connection between glutathione and menopause is aligned. Some studies report higher glutathione levels and antioxidant capacity in postmenopausal women versus premenopausal women. Bethany Tennant, N.D., a licensed naturopathic physician and certified nutrition specialist, notes that both findings can be true. She explains that menopausal women often show “an increase of antioxidant capacity … as well as lower glutathione levels along with high levels of oxidative damage.”

According to Tennant, this rise in antioxidant capacity may be compensatory—a protective response as the body ramps up defenses to counteract mounting oxidative stress.“Since glutathione levels decrease while oxidative stress increases, it’s reasonable to consider supplementing with glutathione or NAC, alongside lifestyle interventions like exercise, diet, sleep, stress management, and possibly hormone replacement therapy,” Tennant says.

Sarah’s experience with glutathione

“Even if you’re not perimenopausal, I really love using the NAD and the glutathione.”

In men

Men in midlife also tend to show lower glutathione levels, which may be linked in part to their lower average estrogen levels. Men are also more likely to develop conditions associated with reduced glutathione or higher oxidative stress, including, 

  • More visceral fat than women, which drives insulin resistance49
  • Higher rates of sleep apnea, another contributor to oxidative stress50
  • Cardiovascular disease, which occurs about 7–10 years earlier in men than in women on average51

As estrogen declines through perimenopause and menopause for women—and remains lower in men overall—differences in glutathione activity likely reflect hormonal influence as much as sex-based biology, Tennant says.

What’s the Best Way to Boost Your Glutathione Levels?

It’s possible to boost glutathione levels through supplementation, diet, and lifestyle changes.

Glutathione injections

Glutathione injections can raise levels more reliably than pills, which may be broken down in the gut. The injections are given either intramuscularly—usually in the buttock or upper arm—or subcutaneously (under the skin), allowing the compound to enter the bloodstream directly, so there’s no loss of benefits to the digestion process.

Glutathione IV therapy

Like injections, glutathione IV therapy bypasses gut breakdown to deliver glutathione directly into the bloodstream. It may also offer more immediate relief than glutathione injections, though glutathione injections may last longer between doses.52

Older research shows that intravenous (IV) glutathione significantly boosted both cysteine, an amino acid needed to make glutathione, and total glutathione in the blood.53 In another more recent study, IV glutathione prevented the increase in oxidative stress markers while oral NAC (N-acetyl cysteine), an amino acid needed to make glutathione, had no effect.54

The main drawback to IV therapy with glutathione is that it requires clinic visits, whereas glutathione injections can be administered at home if your doctor prescribes them.

Glutathione oral supplements

Research on oral glutathione supplements is mixed, largely because the antioxidant is poorly absorbed during digestion.55 56 That’s why other supplements are often used to raise glutathione more effectively:

  • N-acetyl cysteine (NAC). This supplement provides cysteine, the amino acid needed to make glutathione.
  • GlyNAC (glycine + NAC). Research shows it’s more effective than oral glutathione alone, boosting glutathione levels and improving markers of healthy aging.57
  • Milk thistle. This herb contains silymarin, which supports liver function and may increase glutathione in the liver.58
  • Vitamin C. This antioxidant helps recycle glutathione after it’s been used.
  • Vitamin E. This vitamin works with glutathione as part of the body’s antioxidant defense system.
  • Vitamin B6. This vitamin supports amino acid metabolism, which is essential for glutathione synthesis.

Glutathione-rich foods

Foods naturally rich in glutathione provide precursors and cofactors needed for the body to make more glutathione, although the evidence that food alone boosts systemic glutathione is limited. Glutathione-rich foods include:

  • Cruciferous vegetables like brussels sprouts, kale, cauliflower, and broccoli. These vegetables contain sulforaphane, a compound that has been shown to boost glutathione.59
  • Citrus. Grapefruit, oranges, kiwis, and other citrus fruits are rich sources of vitamin C. Research suggests vitamin C plays an important role in glutathione oxidation.60
  • Whey protein. One small study found that after completing an intense resistance training workout, young men who supplemented with whey protein saw significant increases in glutathione peroxidase (enzyme activity) in comparison to a placebo group.61
  • Poultry, eggs, and legumes. These proteins provide cysteine, the key amino acid needed for glutathione synthesis.62
  • Fatty fish (like salmon, mackerel, and sardines), walnuts, and flaxseeds are rich in omega-3 fatty acids that may help protect and sustain glutathione levels by reducing oxidative stress.63

Almonds, peanuts, spinach, pumpkin, and red bell peppers are packed with vitamin E, an antioxidant that works closely with glutathione to neutralize free radicals.64

ALL ABOUT GLUTATHIONE

Eat These 7 Glutathione-Rich Foods if You Hate Getting Sick
Glutathione Injections—Benefits and Side Effects

Lifestyle changes

These daily habits influence how well your body can maintain healthy glutathione levels:

  • Sleep. Restorative sleep supports antioxidant defenses, including glutathione, while chronic sleep loss has been linked to lower glutathione activity.65
  • Exercise. Regular moderate exercise can boost glutathione production and enzyme activity, though overtraining may deplete it.66 67
  • Alcohol reduction. Excessive drinking depletes glutathione in the liver, but research shows that abstaining from alcohol for one month resulted in a significant normalization of GSH in the blood and saliva.68 69

Stress management. Stress boosts oxidative stress, which depletes glutathione and impairs antioxidant defenses. Interestingly, research shows that mindfulness meditation training improved quality of life and resilience, and reduced stress while increasing glutathione levels.70 

Glutathione Side Effects and Risks

Glutathione injections are generally considered safe, but side effects can occur—especially at higher doses. The most common symptoms, which are mild and temporary, include abdominal pain, loose stools, and increased flatulence (mostly associated with oral supplementation).71 Injections may sometimes cause minor irritation, redness, or itching at the injection site. Rarely, rashes or skin reactions have been reported.72

More serious reactions are rare, but you should seek immediate medical attention if you develop hives, swelling of the lips, throat, or tongue, or difficulty breathing. 

Avoid glutathione during chemotherapy or if you’re allergic to benzyl alcohol, a preservative found in some formulas. Women who are pregnant or breastfeeding should check with their doctor.

The Bottom Line

Glutathione is a potent antioxidant that helps neutralize free radicals, support immune function, and protect cells from oxidative damage. While research is still emerging, early studies suggest benefits for brain health, physical performance, and even longevity. Because aging, stress, or illness may reduce glutathione levels, it can help to support your health through diet, lifestyle, or supplementation.

Glutathione Benefits FAQ

Who is a good candidate for glutathione injections?

If you are looking to protect against age-related illness or want to achieve clear skin, and are considering glutathione, talk to your physician about glutathione injections or supplements. Mention any medications you take (prescription and over-the-counter) and if you’ve been diagnosed with a specific condition. Inhaled glutathione may trigger asthma attacks in people who have asthma.

How often should I take glutathione?

The limited clinical data available for glutathione supplementation in humans suggests that it’s safe to take glutathione daily. However, the dose and frequency for glutathione can vary from person to person according to their needs. Your doctor will consider all of these factors and suggest the dose and frequency that’s right for you.

How much do glutathione injections cost?

A monthly vial of glutathione with Hone Health is $90/mo. This is on the lower end of cost for glutathione, since a single IV therapy session might cost more than $100. Glutathione is available to Hone customers as part of our Basic Membership, which costs $25/mo and includes lab testing every six months.

How long does it take to see results from glutathione injections?

Hone customers report seeing benefits from glutathione within three weeks of treatment, and research on oral glutathione indicates that patients might start to see increases in their GSH levels in four weeks.73 The benefits you experience will vary depending on your metabolism, the consistency of the treatment, and your general health.

  1. Gonçalves R.V., et al. (2021). Oxidative Stress and Tissue Repair: Mechanism, Biomarkers, and Therapeutics

  2. Dröge W., and Breitkreutz R. (2000). Glutathione and Immune Function

  3. Dröge W., and Breitkreutz R. (2000). Glutathione and Immune Function

  4. Kim, K. (2021). Glutathione in the Nervous System as a Potential Therapeutic Target to Control the Development and Progression of Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis

  5. Chatterjee, A. (2013). Reduced Glutathione: A Radioprotector or a Modulator of DNA-Repair Activity?

  6. Marí M., et al. (2009). Mitochondrial glutathione, a key survival antioxidant

  7. Franco, R., & Cidlowski, J. A. (2009). Apoptosis and glutathione: Beyond an antioxidant

  8. Wu G., et al. (2004). Glutathione metabolism and its implications for health

  9. Jozefczak, M., et al. (2012). Glutathione Is a Key Player in Metal-Induced Oxidative Stress Defenses

  10. Kwon D.H., et al. (2019). Protective Effect of Glutathione against Oxidative Stress-induced Cytotoxicity in RAW 264.7 Macrophages through Activating the Nuclear Factor Erythroid 2-Related Factor-2/Heme Oxygenase-1 Pathway

  11. Sinha, R., et al. (2017). Oral supplementation with liposomal glutathione elevates body stores of glutathione and markers of immune function

  12. Herzenberg L.A., et al (1997). Glutathione deficiency is associated with impaired survival in HIV disease

  13. Hong, K.S., et al. (2022). The Role of Glutathione Reductase in Influenza Infection

  14. Dentico P, et al. (1995). Glutathione in the treatment of chronic fatty liver diseases

  15. Honda, Y., et al. (2017). Efficacy of glutathione for the treatment of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease: An open-label, single-arm, multicenter, pilot study

  16. Nguyen, M.T., et al (2025). A Literature Review of Glutathione Therapy in Ameliorating Hepatic Dysfunction in Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease

  17. Poladian, N., et al. (2023). Potential Role of Glutathione Antioxidant Pathways in the Pathophysiology and Adjunct Treatment of Psychiatric Disorders

  18. M Bell, C.J., et al. (2024). Glutathione alterations in depression: A meta-analysis and systematic review of proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy studies

  19. Hu, X., et al. (2024). Brain extended and closed forms glutathione levels decrease with age and extended glutathione is associated with visuospatial memory

  20. Aoyama, K. (2021). Glutathione in the Brain

  21. Sechi G., et al. (1996). Reduced intravenous glutathione in the treatment of early Parkinson’s disease

  22. Søndergård S.D., et al. (2021). The effects of 3 weeks of oral glutathione supplementation on whole body insulin sensitivity in obese males with and without type 2 diabetes: a randomized trial

  23. Chen J., et al. (2021). Dietary Supplementation with Glycine Enhances Intestinal Mucosal Integrity and Ameliorates Inflammation in C57BL/6J Mice with High-Fat Diet-Induced Obesity

  24. Kumar, P., et al. (2022). Supplementing Glycine and N-Acetylcysteine (GlyNAC) in Older Adults Improves Glutathione Deficiency, Oxidative Stress, Mitochondrial Dysfunction, Inflammation, Physical Function, and Aging Hallmarks: A Randomized Clinical Trial

  25. Liang, H., et al. (2009). Glutathione Peroxidase 4 Differentially Regulates the Release of Apoptogenic Proteins from Mitochondria

  26. Rains, J.L., & Jain, S.K. (2010). OXIDATIVE STRESS, INSULIN SIGNALING AND DIABETES

  27. Hristov, B.D. (2022). The Role of Glutathione Metabolism in Chronic Illness Development and Its Potential Use as a Novel Therapeutic Target

  28. Pizzorno, J. (2014). Glutathione

  29. Chen J., et al. (2021). Dietary Supplementation with Glycine Enhances Intestinal Mucosal Integrity and Ameliorates Inflammation in C57BL/6J Mice with High-Fat Diet-Induced Obesity

  30. Perricone C., et al. (2009). Glutathione: a key player in autoimmunity

  31. Ravi, N., et al. (2022). The Key Role of Glutathione Compared to Curcumin in the Management of Systemic Lupus Erythematosus: A Systematic Review

  32. Kadry, M.O. (2019). Liposomal glutathione as a promising candidate for immunological rheumatoid arthritis therapy

  33. Weschawalit, S., et al. (2017). Glutathione and its antiaging and antimelanogenic effects

  34. Sivaranjani, N., et al. (2013). Role of Reactive Oxygen Species and Antioxidants in Atopic Dermatitis

  35. Sido, B., et al. (1998). Impairment of intestinal glutathione synthesis in patients with inflammatory bowel disease

  36. Kumar, P., et al. (2021). Glycine and N-acetylcysteine (GlyNAC) supplementation in older adults improves glutathione deficiency, oxidative stress, mitochondrial dysfunction, inflammation, insulin resistance, endothelial dysfunction, genotoxicity, muscle strength, and cognition: Results of a pilot clinical trial

  37. Aoi, W., et al. (2015). Glutathione supplementation suppresses muscle fatigue induced by prolonged exercise via improved aerobic metabolism

  38. Goutzourelas, N., et al. (2018). GSH levels affect weight loss in individuals with metabolic syndrome and obesity following dietary therapy

  39. Chen J., et al. (2021). Dietary Supplementation with Glycine Enhances Intestinal Mucosal Integrity and Ameliorates Inflammation in C57BL/6J Mice with High-Fat Diet-Induced Obesity

  40. Coppola L., et al (1992). Glutathione (GSH) improved haemostatic and haemorheological parameters in atherosclerotic subjects

  41. Arosio E., et al (2002). Effect of glutathione infusion on leg arterial circulation, cutaneous microcirculation, and pain-free walking distance in patients with peripheral obstructive arterial disease: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial

  42. Damy, T., et al. (2009). Glutathione Deficiency in Cardiac Patients Is Related to the Functional Status and Structural Cardiac Abnormalities

  43. Lenzi A., et al (1992). Glutathione therapy for male infertility

  44. Adeoye, O., et al. (2018). Review on the role of glutathione on oxidative stress and infertility

  45. Gulec M., et al. (2012). Oxidative stress in patients with primary insomnia

  46. Davinelli, S., et al. (2024). Sleep and Oxidative Stress: Current Perspectives on the Role of NRF2

  47. Abdul-Rasheed, O.F., et al. (2010). Serum γ-glutamyltransferase as Oxidative Stress Marker in Pre-and Postmenopausal Iraqi Women

  48. Bellanti F., et al. (2013). Sex hormones modulate circulating antioxidant enzymes: impact of estrogen therapy

  49. Kim H., et al. (2025). Sex and Gender Differences in Obesity: Biological, Sociocultural, and Clinical Perspectives

  50. Martins, F.O., et al. (2021). Gender Differences in the Context of Obstructive Sleep Apnea and Metabolic Diseases

  51. Allen, J., & Bradley, R.D. (2011). Effects of Oral Glutathione Supplementation on Systemic Oxidative Stress Biomarkers in Human Volunteers

  52. Richie J.P. Jr, et al. (2015). Randomized controlled trial of oral glutathione supplementation on body stores of glutathione

  53. Aebi S., et al (1991). High-dose intravenous glutathione in man. Pharmacokinetics and effects on cyst(e)ine in plasma and urine

  54. Saitoh T., et al. (2011). Intravenous glutathione prevents renal oxidative stress after coronary angiography more effectively than oral N-acetylcysteine

  55. Allen, J., & Bradley, R.D. (2011). Effects of Oral Glutathione Supplementation on Systemic Oxidative Stress Biomarkers in Human Volunteers

  56. Richie J.P. Jr, et al. (2015). Randomized controlled trial of oral glutathione supplementation on body stores of glutathione

  57. Chen J., et al. (2021). Dietary Supplementation with Glycine Enhances Intestinal Mucosal Integrity and Ameliorates Inflammation in C57BL/6J Mice with High-Fat Diet-Induced Obesity

  58. Kheirandish, V., et al. (2023). The effect of milk thistle, green tea, and cinnamon beverages on liver enzymes of operating room anesthesia personnel

  59. Sedlak T.W., et al. (2018). Sulforaphane Augments Glutathione and Influences Brain Metabolites in Human Subjects: A Clinical Pilot Study

  60. Park, S., et al. (2018). Vitamin C in Cancer: A Metabolomics Perspective

  61. Behboudi, L., et al. (2019). The effect of whey protein supplementation after eccentric resistance exercise on glutathione peroxidase and lactate dehydrogenase in non-trained young men

  62. Larsson S.C., et al. (2015). Dietary cysteine and other amino acids and stroke incidence in women

  63. Patten A.R., et al. (2013). Omega-3 supplementation can restore glutathione levels and prevent oxidative damage caused by prenatal ethanol exposure

  64. Fellenberg, M., et al. (2019). Effect of dietary vitamin E supplementation on glutathione concentration and lipid and protein oxidation of refrigerated broiler meat

  65. Davinelli, S., et al. (2024). Sleep and Oxidative Stress: Current Perspectives on the Role of NRF2

  66. Elokda A.S., et al. (2007). Effects of exercise training on the glutathione antioxidant system

  67. Alzahrani, T.F., et al. (2025). Exploring the Safety and Efficacy of Glutathione

  68. Mitchell, M., et al. (2011). Effects of Ethanol on Glutathione Metabolism

  69. Peter, N., et al. (2013). Effect of Alcohol Withdrawl on Glutathione S-transferase, Total Antioxidant Capacity and Amylase in Blood and Saliva of Alcohol-Dependent Males

  70. Wilson, D., et al. (2021). Mindfulness meditation training effects on quality of life, immune function and glutathione metabolism in service healthy female teachers: A randomized pilot clinical trial

  71. Alzahrani, T.F., et al. (2025). Exploring the Safety and Efficacy of Glutathione Supplementation for Skin Lightening: A Narrative Review

  72. Weschawalit, S., et al. (2017). Glutathione and its antiaging and antimelanogenic effects

  73. Richie, J.P., et al., Randomized controlled trial of oral glutathione supplementation on body stores of glutathione

Mentioned in This Article:

Glutathione

A powerful antioxidant, glutathione is the first line of defense against oxidative stress. It neutralizes free radicals, increases cellular function, and promotes cellular turnover.

Editorial Policy: Science-Backed, Expert-Reviewed

The Edge upholds the highest standards of health journalism. We source research from peer-reviewed medical journals, top government agencies, leading academic institutions, and respected advocacy groups. We also go beyond the research, interviewing top experts in their fields to bring you the most informed insights. Every article is rigorously reviewed by medical experts to ensure accuracy. Contact us at support@honehealth.com if you see an error.

Share this article